Linux Important System Files

File	Purpose	Where to Find More Information
User and Security Files
/etc/group	User group information	group, chmod
/etc/npasswd	npasswd configuration file	npasswd
/etc/shadow	shadow password file	password, npasswd
/etc/passwd	User account information	password, chmod
Networking Files
/etc/bootptab	Internet Bootstrap Protocol server database	bootptab
/etc/exports	Directories to export to NFS clients	exports
/etc/gateways	List of gateways	routed
/etc/hosts	Hostname to IP address mapping file	route
/etc/hosts.equiv	Lists of trusted hosts and remote users	hosts.equiv
/etc/inetd.conf	inetd configuration file	inetd
/etc/named.conf	named default initialization file	named
/etc/networks	Known networks	route
/usr/lib/named or/etc/named.d	named configuration files	named
/etc/smb.conf or /etc/samba/smb.conf	SAMBA configuration file	smb.conf
/etc/snmpd.conf	SNMP daemon configuration file	snmpd.conf
/etc/ftpaccess	FTP configuration file	ftpaccess
/etc/httpd/access.conf	HTTP access configuration file
/etc/httpd/httpd.conf	HTTP daemon configuration file
/etc/httpd/srm.conf	HTTP server resource management configuration file
/etc/services	Network services list	services(5)
X-Windows Files
/etc/XF86Config or /etc/X11/XF86Config	X-Server configuration file	XF86Config, xf86config
/etc/X11/xinit/xinitrc	xinit configuration file	xinit
$HOME/.xinitrc	User-specific xinit configuration file	xinit
$HOME/.fvwmrc	fvwm configuration file	fvwm, X
/usr/lib/X11/system.fvwmrc	System default MWM configuration file	fvwm, X
/usr/lib/X11/app-defaults	Application-specific defaults	X
$HOME/.Xdefaults-hostname	Host-specific defaults	X
System Start-Up Files
/etc/inittab	init configuration file	inittab
/etc/lilo.conf	Lilo configuration file	lilo.conf, lilo
/etc/rc*	System start-up scripts	init, initscript
System Log Files
/etc/syslog.conf	System login configuration file	syslog.conf
/var/log/message	General system log file	syslogd
Miscellaneous Files
/etc/profile /etc/bashrc /etc/cshrc	Systemwide shell configuration files	man-page for respective shell
$HOME/.bashrc $HOME/.chsrc $HOME/.kshrc	User-specifc shell configuration files	man-page for respective shell
/etc/sysconfig	Miscellaneous configuration files

FTP Bash script for auto file transfer and backup

#!/bin/bash

ftp_site=ftp://yoursite.com
username=roger
passwd=abc123
backupdir=$HOME
filename="backup-$(date '+%F-%H%M').tar.gz"

echo "Creating a backup file $filename of $backupdir."

# Make a tar gzipped backup file
tar -cvzf  "$filename" "$backupdir"

ftp -in <<EOF
open $ftp_site
user $username $passwd
bin
put $filename 
close 
bye
EOF

Free Proxy Softwares

To visit YouTube, Twitter, Facebook and some other websites that are blocked in China, sometimes I use free online proxy tools, but most of the time, I like using free proxy softwares, since they are faster and free of ADs.Among those free proxy softwares, below 10 are the most popular.

1. Freegate

The Freegate proxy software supports both English and Chinese languages, you can download and run it without any installation.
When Freegate runs, it will automatically open Dynaweb homepage in IE, which you can turn off in the settings. For any other browser, you can set the browser HTTP proxy to 127.0.0.1:8580.

2. UltraSurf

The free proxy software UltraSurf also supports English and Chinese, and you can also download and run it without any installation.
When UltraSurf runs, it will automatically open Ultrareach homepage in IE, and of course you can turn it off in the settings. For any other browser, you can set the browser HTTP proxy to 127.0.0.1:9666.

3. GTunnel

The GTunnel proxy software also supports Chinese and English languages.
The most powerful feature of GTunnel is that you can access the proxy network with your GTalk or Skype account.
When GTunnel runs, it will automatically open Garden Networks homepage in IE, if you like to use GTunnel on any other browser, just set the browser HTTP proxy to 127.0.0.1:8081.

4. Tor

The free proxy software Tor supports a lot of languages, such as English, Chinese, French, and so on.
For windows, you can download the Tor Browser Bundle, which can be used directly without any installation, or you can download the Installation Bundle and install it.
To run the Tor proxy software, just set the browser HTTP proxy to 127.0.0.1:8118, but most of the time, you also need to add some bridges.

5. GappProxy

GappProxy is an http proxy software based on Google App Engine, and its instructions are written in Chinese, here is the English instructions translated by Google.
You can download the GappProxy windows client and run it without installation, but most of the time, you need to create a new FetchServer with Google App Engine and Python.
To run GappProxy, you need to set the browser HTTP proxy to 127.0.0.1:8000, or you can check out this post for how to install and use GappProxy.

6. Hyk-proxy

The free proxy software Hyk-proxy is also built on Google App Engine and Java with Chinese instruction, here is the English instruction offered by Google Translate.
You need to create a Google App Engine application to use the hyk-proxy client, for more details, you can check out this post.
To run Hyk-proxy, you need to set the browser HTTP proxy to 127.0.0.1:48100.

7. Your Freedom

Create a free account on the Your Freedom website, download and install the suitable client for your computer system, change your browser HTTP proxy to 127.0.0.1:8080, then you can visit those blocked websites.
The configuration will take a few minutes, but automatically.

8. GPass

You can download the GPass proxy software and run it without installation.
The most powerful feature of GPass is that you can access the proxy network with Tor or Skype.
You need to set the browser HTTP proxy to 127.0.0.1:8000.

9. Tunnelier

You need a SSH account to use the free proxy software Tunnelier.
For SSH account, you can use your own hosting, or search for a free account.
You need to set the browser HTTP proxy to 127.0.0.1:7070.
Bonus:
Install the Firefox add-on AutoProxy , then you can switch the above nine free proxy softwares from one to another easily, no need to change the browser HTTP proxy address every time.
Or you can use below free proxy software, which is free of browser network settings.

10. Hotspot Shield

Besides English, French and Chinese, Hotspot Shield also supports Arabic, Persian, Russian and Vietnamese.
You download the Hotspot Shield software and install it, then you can use the free proxy services, but there will be ADs when you visit open any web page.

Compress Videos to 50% With no Quality Loss

ompression is something which everyone tries to get in MP3 or Video files because they might wanna carry those videos or music files on their mobile phone or any other portable devices, and there are many MP3 compressors available in the market but when it comes to video compression you might think that quality may decrease but that’s not the case.

With Handbrake you compress videos to 50% and that too without decreasing any quality. Now what is HandBrake – HandBrake is an open-source, GPL-licensed, multiplatform, multithreaded video transcoder, available for MacOS X, Linux and Windows.

So you can download this awesome software by going to the websites download page link is below .:

DOWNLAOD HERE

 

Firefox Speed Booster

Features of SpeedyFox .:

1. Boosting Firefox startup speed upto 3 times.
2. Boosting Browsing Speed.
3. Quicker Operation with Cookies.

How to use SpeedyFox .:
1. After Downloading SpeedyFox Run it.
2. You will a window like below just click on Speed Up My Firefox ! ( Remember Firefox should be close )

3. Now it will run its process and within sec it will complete and give you success message like below now just enjoy faster Firefox.

DOWNLOAD FOR WINDOWS

How to Increase Torrent Speed by 50%

Torrents are the main source for the latest software’s, games, movies, music etc. as they provide everything @ a faster pace so what about if we can tweak its speed to download stuffs more fastly so below is the guide for tweaking UTorrent settings for increasing its speed .:

Procedure for Tweaking UTorrent Client :

1. Choose the best Bit torrent client : this can be difficult but this is really important that you choose the best client for downloading purpose, as we compare through the users opinion UTorrent is the best Torrent client for downloading Torrents, download UTorrent
2. Get the best Seeder and Leecher .: now downloading entirely depends on the seeders and leechers so getting the best with highest numbers would be the best options for the faster downloads.
3. Enable Firewall Exception : firewalls are the main blocking units which can block all the connections of your bit torrent client so to enable firewall exception is really important, just open UTorrent > Preferences > Connection > Add Windows Firewall Exception.

4. Change net.max_halfopen : change the default value for net.max_halfopen under Preferences > Advanced > net.max_halfopen , its value would be 100 or low just change its value to 80 like in the below image.

5. Enable Protocol Encryption : enabling protocol encryption may increase your download speed well this step may work work for you or not so just experiment between Enabling & Disabling option. To enable Protocol Encryption just go to Preferences > Bittorent > Enable Protocol Encryption.

6. Change Bandwidth and Connection Settings : Change the values for bandwidth and Connection as in the image below .:

That’s it now these were some of the tweaks for UTorrent Client which I came across and which may help you in increasing your torrent downloading speed so have fun experimenting different settings and if you have any other tweak for faster downloading then please share by commenting below.

Download Your Laptop Drivers here

www.laptopdrivers.net

 www.driverzone.com
 

www.opendrivers.com  

www.notebook-driver.com
 
www.notebookera.com 

 

How to mack Bootable USB drive

Create Windows Bootable USB

1 – WinToFlash :

As you can see from the above screenshot, it’s the easiest software you can use to create a bootable windows. It can create a bootable version of windows xp/2003 , winPE XP/2003 , Windows vista/2008/7/8 setup to USB drive, and some more…. .

2 – Windows 7 USB/DVD download tool :

Windows 7 USB/DVD download tool is created by Microsoft itself to make it easier to create a bootable USB drive or burn windows 7 Iso file to a DVD.

3 – A Bootable USB :

A Bootable USB is a little app made to let you install windows vista/2008/7  from a USB drive.

4 – A Bootable USB ( By Askvg.com ) :

Seems to have the same name as the above one.But it’s got a few more options and it works for x64 versions of windows as well.

5 – Setup from USB :

A simple and easy to use app to make a bootable windows vista/7 USB drive. Required .NetFramework 4.

6 – OStoGO :

A small app made to put your windows vista/7 DVD into a USB drive.

7 – RMPrepUSB :

An advanced tool to create bootable windows USB. Should be used with care.

8 –  WinSetupFromUSB :

A good app that should be used with care that can let you create a bootable windows or Linux.Allows you to test in QEMU

9-  FlashBoot :

A nice software that can put Windows XP/Vista/7 on a USB flash drive.Worth about $38 USD.

Create MultiBootable USB

10 – YUMI – (Your Universal Multiboot Installer) :

YUMI can be used to create a MultiBootable USB drive with multiple Operating Systems, Antivirus Utilities, Recovery tools…… and more. Uses Syslinux. One other really nice feature with it is that it can download the ISO file for you before using it on USB drive.

11 – XBoot :

XBoot is a nice utility that can create Multiboot USB/ISO for Linux, Live CDs, Antivirus Utilities,….. and more. My favorite part about it is that it can let you test the USB inside windows.

12- SARDU :

A really nice piece of software that can create a Multibootable ISO and USB drive. That can contain some antivirus tools, utilities, live versions of Linux ad windows installers. All you need to do is to put the ISO files in the ISO folder and enjoy your powerful USB disk.

Create Linux and Others Bootable USB

13 –  Universal USB Installer :

One really nice app that is quite the same as YUMI , except that it doesn’t support MultiBoot, however, it supports a large variety of Linux distros, Antivirus utilities, Windows vista/7, Hiren’s Boot CD,….. and a lot more.Can also download the ISO for you.

14 – LiveUSB Install :

A small utility that you can use to create a bootable Linux ( with many distros supported, in addition to some Antivirus rescue disks and some more tools). Got some other options including writing .img files to a USB disk.

15 – UNetbootin :

A nice app available for Windows, Linux, Mac OS X. Can also download the ISO for you. Supports many distros, Antivirus utilities,….. and some more.Supports making bootable USB no matter what distro ( as long as the ISO is bootable ).Visit Homepage for more details.

16 – MultiSystem ( Linux ) :

A Linux-Only app that you can use to create a bootable linux USB drive.Check the Home page for more details.

17 – Fedora LiveUSB Creator :

A little app that will just let you put your Fedora ISO on your USB drive.

18 – CD 2 USB :

A little Command line utility that can create a live USB of Ubuntu. Doesn’t format the USB drive and installs the bootloader on it.

19 – ISO to USB :

Simply, create a bootable USB from a Bootable ISO.

20 – ISO2Disc :

A tiny app that can burn the ISO file to a CD/DVD or a USB flash Drive.

 

Download Torrents with Download Manager using ZBIGZ

Previously I had mentioned How To Download Torrent Files using IDM in this post. That was using torcache. Here is another similar method to download  using Torrent Files using IDM for some really quick download Speed. Follow the Steps below.

• First get the Torrent file of the Game or the Software you want to download. It is of the format [.torrent] like in the image below.

• Go to ZbigZ.com. Here upload the .torrent file you had downloaded earlier or paste the link to that file and Click on the Go button.

• Now all you need to do it to wait till the Torrent file is cached. The Problem with caching is that sometime it might take more time. But more often it happens within a few minutes.

• Click on the Download Button and When you are asked to Choose an Account, Choose a Free Account. And then Downloading will start.

Thats it. Do let us know whether you had to wait a lot to download using this method or else you can always go back to this post and use this method.

IDM Full Version Without Patching And Cracking

Make IDM ( Internet Download Manager ) full version through HOSTS File Trick.
The procedure is really easy to follow and you can make this happen just in few seconds.

 

Follow below steps .:

1. Make sure you have installed the latest version of IDM
from the official creators website.

2. Now after you have downloaded and installed the latest version
just close the IDM and now go to start menu and make a search for Notepad.

3. Now right click on Notepad and than Run It As Administrator.

4. Now navigate to .:

C: > Windows > System 32 > Drivers > etc. > Hosts.

5. When you are in the etc. folder you might not see any files their
as you have click on show all files on the right hand side below.

6. Now open the Hosts file With Notepad and paste all the below lines ,
Like I have Pasted In Below Image.

127.0.0.1    tonec.com
127.0.0.1    http://www.tonec.com
127.0.0.1    registeridm.com
127.0.0.1    http://www.registeridm.com
127.0.0.1    secure.registeridm.com
127.0.0.1    internetdownloadmanager.com
127.0.0.1    http://www.internetdownloadmanager.com
127.0.0.1    secure.internetdownloadmanager.com
127.0.0.1    mirror.internetdownloadmanager.com
127.0.0.1    mirror2.internetdownloadmanager.com

7. So now as you can see in the above image how
I have pasted all the lines @ the end of the Hosts file,
you have to do same as above, now hit save.

8. Now when you have saved the HOSTS File
you can simply enter any serials from below in your IDM Registration page

GRAB SERIALS FOR IDM

Internet Download Manager Serial Numbers .:

RLDGN-OV9WU-5W589-6VZH1

HUDWE-UO689-6D27B-YM28M

UK3DV-E0MNW-MLQYX-GENA1

398ND-QNAGY-CMMZU-ZPI39

GZLJY-X50S3-0S20D-NFRF9

W3J5U-8U66N-D0B9M-54SLM

EC0Q6-QN7UH-5S3JB-YZMEK

UVQW0-X54FE-QW35Q-SNZF5

FJJTJ-J0FLF-QCVBK-A287M

9. Now enjoy your full version IDM without purchasing or
patching it totally genuine and totally legal.